Virtual Reality Applications in Chronic Pain Management: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Lisa Goudman   ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5 *} , PhD ;   Julie Jansen   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Maxime Billot   ⁶ , PhD ;   Nieke Vets   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Ann De Smedt   ^{2, 3, 7} , MD, PhD ;   Manuel Roulaud   ⁶ , PhD ;   Philippe Rigoard   ^{6, 8, 9} , MD, PhD ;   Maarten Moens   ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 10} , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium

² STIMULUS, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium

³ Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium

⁴ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Jette, Belgium

⁵ Research Foundation—Flanders, Brussel, Belgium

⁶ PRISMATICS, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France

⁷ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium

⁸ Department of Spine Surgery & Neuromodulation, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France

⁹ Pprime Institute, University of Poitiers, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, France

¹⁰ Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium

*these authors contributed equally