Original Paper
- Nino Fijačko1,2*, MSc ;
- Ruth Masterson Creber3*, PhD ;
- Špela Metličar1,4*, RN ;
- Matej Strnad2,5,6*, MD, PhD ;
- Robert Greif7,8,9*, MME, MD ;
- Gregor Štiglic1,10*, PhD ;
- Pavel Skok2*, MD, PhD
1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
2Maribor University Medical Centre, Maribor, Slovenia
3School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
4Medical Dispatch Centre Maribor, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
5Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
6Community Healthcare Center Dr Adolfa Drolca Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
7European Resuscitation Council Research Net, Niels, Belgium
8University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
9School of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
10Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
*all authors contributed equally
Corresponding Author:
Nino Fijačko, MSc
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Maribor
Žitna 15
Maribor, 2000
Slovenia
Phone: 386 23004764
Email: nino.fijacko@um.si
Abstract
Background: Retention of adult basic life support (BLS) knowledge and skills after professional training declines over time. To combat this, the European Resuscitation Council and the American Heart Association recommend shorter, more frequent BLS sessions. Emphasizing technology-enhanced learning, such as mobile learning, aims to increase out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival and is becoming more integral in nursing education.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether playing a serious smartphone game called MOBICPR at home can improve and retain nursing students’ theoretical knowledge of and practical skills in adult BLS.
Methods: This study used a randomized wait list–controlled design. Nursing students were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either a MOBICPR intervention group (MOBICPR-IG) or a wait-list control group (WL-CG), where the latter received the MOBICPR game 2 weeks after the MOBICPR-IG. The aim of the MOBICPR game is to engage participants in using smartphone gestures (eg, tapping) and actions (eg, talking) to perform evidence-based adult BLS on a virtual patient with OHCA. The participants’ theoretical knowledge of adult BLS was assessed using a questionnaire, while their practical skills were evaluated on cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality parameters using a manikin and a checklist.
Results: In total, 43 nursing students participated in the study, 22 (51%) in MOBICPR-IG and 21 (49%) in WL-CG. There were differences between the MOBICPR-IG and the WL-CG in theoretical knowledge (P=.04) but not in practical skills (P=.45) after MOBICPR game playing at home. No difference was noted in the retention of participants’ theoretical knowledge and practical skills of adult BLS after a 2-week break from playing the MOBICPR game (P=.13). Key observations included challenges in response checks with a face-down manikin and a general neglect of safety protocols when using an automated external defibrillator.
Conclusions: Playing the MOBICPR game at home has the greatest impact on improving the theoretical knowledge of adult BLS in nursing students but not their practical skills. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating diverse scenarios into adult BLS training.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05784675); https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05784675
doi:10.2196/56037
Keywords
Introduction
Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death in adults worldwide. It is responsible for over a million deaths annually [Rea T, Kudenchuk PJ, Sayre MR, Doll A, Eisenberg M. Out of hospital cardiac arrest: past, present, and future. Resuscitation. Aug 2021;165:101-109. [CrossRef] [Medline]1]. Most deaths occur in the out-of-hospital setting, and the outcome possibly can be improved with proper adult basic life support (BLS) [Rajagopalan B, Shen WK, Patton K, Kutyifa V, Di Biase L, Al-Ahmad A, et al. Surviving sudden cardiac arrest—successes, challenges, and opportunities. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. Sep 28, 2022;64(3):567-571. [CrossRef] [Medline]2]. Effective implementation of adult BLS can double the chances of survival after a sudden cardiac arrest [Merchant RM, Yang L, Becker LB, Berg RA, Nadkarni V, Nichol G, et al. Incidence of treated cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients in the United States*. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(11):2401-2406. [CrossRef]3,Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, Christenson J, de Caen AR, Bhanji F, et al. CPR Quality Summit Investigators‚ the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee‚ the Council on Cardiopulmonary‚ Critical Care‚ Perioperative and Resuscitation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. Jul 23, 2013;128(4):417-435. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]4]. Reviews report poor cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by nursing students, despite the completion of adult BLS certification [Dick-Smith F, Power T, Martinez-Maldonado R, Elliott D. Basic life support training for undergraduate nursing students: an integrative review. Nurse Educ Pract. Jan 2021;50:102957. [CrossRef] [Medline]5]. BLS knowledge and skills decline significantly within months of initial training [Dick-Smith F, Power T, Martinez-Maldonado R, Elliott D. Basic life support training for undergraduate nursing students: an integrative review. Nurse Educ Pract. Jan 2021;50:102957. [CrossRef] [Medline]5,Riggs M, Franklin R, Saylany L. Associations between cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge, self-efficacy, training history and willingness to perform CPR and CPR psychomotor skills: a systematic review. Resuscitation. May 2019;138:259-272. [CrossRef] [Medline]6]. For this reason, the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and American Heart Association guidelines recommend shorter and more frequent adult BLS training as it helps retain adult BLS content longer and maintain competency levels [Cheng A, Magid DJ, Auerbach M, Bhanji F, Bigham BL, Blewer AL, et al. Part 6: resuscitation education science: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. Oct 20, 2020;142(16_suppl_2):S551-S579. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]7,Greif R, Lockey A, Breckwoldt J, Carmona F, Conaghan P, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: education for resuscitation. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:388-407. [CrossRef] [Medline]8]. Currently, adult BLS education in higher nursing education institutions traditionally imparts theoretical knowledge through a frontal approach and teaches practical skills using manikins and automated external defibrillators (AEDs), although the approach can vary significantly from one university to another [Dick-Smith F, Power T, Martinez-Maldonado R, Elliott D. Basic life support training for undergraduate nursing students: an integrative review. Nurse Educ Pract. Jan 2021;50:102957. [CrossRef] [Medline]5,Junli A, Isa SNI, Ibrahim FS. Factors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills retention among healthcare providers: a scoping review. Nurse Educ Pract. May 2023;69:103617. [CrossRef] [Medline]9].
A noticeable generational shift is evident in health care systems, both in Europe and abroad, characterized by the increasingly common employment of younger individuals. These younger future health care employees bring a higher proficiency in technology and information literacy [Cheskes S. High achool CPR training: it's only an app away!!. Resuscitation. Nov 2017;120:A9-A10. [CrossRef] [Medline]10,Cetinkaya F, Akbulut Z, Dur N, Eryalcin O, Korkmaz M. Analysis of job satisfaction and burnout level of nurses in different generations. Int J Caring Sci. 2017;10(3):1507-1513.11], attributes cultivated from growing up in an era dominated by modern technology [Tan SHE, Chin GF. Generational effect on nurses' work values, engagement, and satisfaction in an acute hospital. BMC Nurs. Mar 30, 2023;22(1):88. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]12]. Technology-enhanced learning (TEL) approaches, developed to improve adult BLS knowledge and skill retention, ultimately aim to increase out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival [Greif R, Lockey A, Breckwoldt J, Carmona F, Conaghan P, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: education for resuscitation. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:388-407. [CrossRef] [Medline]8]. The most recent adult BLS guidelines highlight the integration of TEL into adult BLS courses [Greif R, Lockey A, Breckwoldt J, Carmona F, Conaghan P, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: education for resuscitation. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:388-407. [CrossRef] [Medline]8,Pei L, Wu H. Does online learning work better than offline learning in undergraduate medical education? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Educ Online. Dec 2019;24(1):1666538. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]13,Issleib M, Kromer A, Pinnschmidt HO, Süss-Havemann C, Kubitz JC. Virtual reality as a teaching method for resuscitation training in undergraduate first year medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. Feb 01, 2021;29(1):27. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]14]. This includes not only immersive technologies, such as extended reality [Fijačko N, Metličar Š, Kleesiek J, Egger J, Chang TP. Virtual reality, augmented virtuality, or mixed reality in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: which extended reality am I using for teaching adult basic life support? Resuscitation. Nov 2023;192:109973. [CrossRef] [Medline]15], but also mobile learning (m-learning), which has increased dramatically in nursing education in recent years [Yalcinkaya T, Cinar Yucel S. Mobile learning in nursing education: a bibliometric analysis and visualization. Nurse Educ Pract. Aug 2023;71:103714. [CrossRef] [Medline]16]. A recent meta-analysis indicates that serious smartphone games are a promising and effective tool for adult BLS education [Cheng P, Huang Y, Yang P, Wang H, Xu B, Qu C, et al. The effects of serious games on cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and education: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JMIR Serious Games. Feb 06, 2024;12:e52990. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]17].
M-learning, by its definition, encompasses the use of mobile technology [Kumar Basak S, Wotto M, Bélanger P. E-learning, m-learning and d-learning: conceptual definition and comparative analysis. E-Learn Digital Media. Jul 04, 2018;15(4):191-216. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]18], with mobile apps on smartphones often serving as the educational platform [Yoo I, Lee Y. The effects of mobile applications in cardiopulmonary assessment education. Nurse Educ Today. Feb 2015;35(2):e19-e23. [CrossRef] [Medline]19]. Research has demonstrated m-learning’s beneficial effects on fostering a variety of learning outcomes and competencies in the field of nursing [Chen B, Wang Y, Xiao L, Xu C, Shen Y, Qin Q, et al. Effects of mobile learning for nursing students in clinical education: a meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. Feb 2021;97:104706. [CrossRef] [Medline]20,Kim JH, Park H. Effects of smartphone-based mobile learning in nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). Feb 2019;13(1):20-29. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]21]. Smartphone-based m-learning [Kim JH, Park H. Effects of smartphone-based mobile learning in nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). Feb 2019;13(1):20-29. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]21] seamlessly complements education through serious games and gamification [Fijačko N, Metličar Š, Kleesiek J, Egger J, Chang TP. Virtual reality, augmented virtuality, or mixed reality in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: which extended reality am I using for teaching adult basic life support? Resuscitation. Nov 2023;192:109973. [CrossRef] [Medline]15]. Gamification involves applying game design elements to nongame contexts [Deterding S, Dixon D, Khaled R, Nacke L. From game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification". 2011. Presented at: MindTrek '11: 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments; September 28-30, 2011; Tampere, Finland. [CrossRef]22], such as educational content in higher education [Krath J, Schürmann L, von Korflesch HF. Revealing the theoretical basis of gamification: a systematic review and analysis of theory in research on gamification, serious games and game-based learning. Comp Hum Behav. Dec 2021;125:106963. [CrossRef]23]. Conversely, serious games are crafted to use a specific type of game (eg, computer or mobile games) for the purpose of learning about significant subjects, such as adult BLS content education at the higher education level [Sailer M, Homner L. The gamification of learning: a meta-analysis. Educ Psychol Rev. Aug 15, 2019;32(1):77-112. [CrossRef]24].
To the best of our knowledge, only a limited number of studies have explored the use of serious smartphone games for teaching adult BLS to health care students [Farsi Z, Yazdani M, Butler S, Nezamzadeh M, Mirlashari J. Comparative effectiveness of simulation versus serious game for training nursing students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized control trial. Int J Comp Games Technol. Mar 24, 2021;2021:1-12. [CrossRef]25-Arif A, Arif A, Fasciglione K, Jafri F. The iterative development and testing of an interactive mobile application for skill retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among high school students: a pilot study. Simulat Gaming. Jul 14, 2021;52(5):650-663. [CrossRef]29]. Among these, only 1 study demonstrated an improvement in both the theoretical knowledge and practical skills associated with adult BLS [Demirtas A, Basak T, Sahin G, Sonkaya. The serious game and integrated simulator for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in nursing students. Simulat Gaming. Feb 28, 2022;53(2):97-110. [CrossRef]28]. Other studies have reported enhancements in either theoretical knowledge [Arif A, Arif A, Fasciglione K, Jafri F. The iterative development and testing of an interactive mobile application for skill retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among high school students: a pilot study. Simulat Gaming. Jul 14, 2021;52(5):650-663. [CrossRef]29] or practical skills related to adult BLS. The positive effects of a serious smartphone game can be seen as early as 2 weeks [Farsi Z, Yazdani M, Butler S, Nezamzadeh M, Mirlashari J. Comparative effectiveness of simulation versus serious game for training nursing students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized control trial. Int J Comp Games Technol. Mar 24, 2021;2021:1-12. [CrossRef]25,Aksoy E. Comparing the effects on learning outcomes of tablet-based and virtual reality–based serious gaming modules for basic life support training: randomized trial. JMIR Serious Games. May 01, 2019;7(2):e13442. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]26], as well as 1 month after the intervention [de Sena DP, Fabrício DD, da Silva VD, Bodanese LC, Franco AR. Comparative evaluation of video-based on-line course versus serious game for training medical students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised trial. PLoS One. Apr 8, 2019;14(4):e0214722. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]27-Arif A, Arif A, Fasciglione K, Jafri F. The iterative development and testing of an interactive mobile application for skill retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among high school students: a pilot study. Simulat Gaming. Jul 14, 2021;52(5):650-663. [CrossRef]29]. Studies have compared different teaching methods, where the use of serious smartphone games seems to have better results than simulation-based learning but is less effective than virtual reality–based game learning [Aksoy E. Comparing the effects on learning outcomes of tablet-based and virtual reality–based serious gaming modules for basic life support training: randomized trial. JMIR Serious Games. May 01, 2019;7(2):e13442. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]26,Yunanto RA, Wihastuti TA, Rachmawati SD. Comparison of CPR training with mobile application and simulation to knowledge and skill of CPR. NLJ. Nov 29, 2017;2(2):183. [CrossRef]30]. Some studies have also shown improvements in practical skills, such as compression rate accuracy [de Sena DP, Fabrício DD, da Silva VD, Bodanese LC, Franco AR. Comparative evaluation of video-based on-line course versus serious game for training medical students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised trial. PLoS One. Apr 8, 2019;14(4):e0214722. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]27,Demirtas A, Basak T, Sahin G, Sonkaya. The serious game and integrated simulator for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in nursing students. Simulat Gaming. Feb 28, 2022;53(2):97-110. [CrossRef]28], although this tends to be inferior when compared to simulation-based methods [Yunanto RA, Wihastuti TA, Rachmawati SD. Comparison of CPR training with mobile application and simulation to knowledge and skill of CPR. NLJ. Nov 29, 2017;2(2):183. [CrossRef]30]. In contrast, in 2 studies, serious smartphone games did not provide notable benefits and led to worse performance in theoretical and practical areas, although students showed a clear preference in favor of serious smartphone games [de Sena DP, Fabrício DD, da Silva VD, Bodanese LC, Franco AR. Comparative evaluation of video-based on-line course versus serious game for training medical students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised trial. PLoS One. Apr 8, 2019;14(4):e0214722. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]27,Demirtas A, Basak T, Sahin G, Sonkaya. The serious game and integrated simulator for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in nursing students. Simulat Gaming. Feb 28, 2022;53(2):97-110. [CrossRef]28].
The aim of the study was to evaluate whether playing a serious smartphone game called MOBICPR [Interactive learning of basic CPR procedures. MOBICPR. URL: https://mobicpr.si/ [accessed 2024-03-21] 31] at home can enhance nursing students’ theoretical knowledge of and practical skills in adult BLS.
Methods
Study Protocol
The study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor (Maribor, Slovenia) between March and May 2023. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05784675). The study protocol was written in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials of Electronic and Mobile Health Applications and Online Telehealth ( CONSORT-eHEALTH checklist (V 1.6.1).Multimedia Appendix 1
Ethical Considerations
Ethical approval was obtained from the Slovenian National Medical Ethics Committee (0120-157/2018), and permission to conduct the study on the faculty premises was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor. During an oral presentation of the study, nursing students were informed about the research protocol, and written consent was obtained afterward. Data confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study. Participants were rewarded for their participation in the study with a free beverage from a vending machine and a copy of the Game Changer painting by street artist Banksy [Painting for saints. Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Painting_for_Saints&oldid=1151677300 [accessed 2024-03-21] 33].
Participants
All nursing students enrolled in the first-degree nursing program at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, during the 2022-2023 academic year were invited to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria to participate in the study were written informed consent, an age of at least 18 years, and ability to perform adult BLS on a manikin (eg, without injury). Our study had no exclusion criteria.
Study Design and Randomization
This study had a randomized wait list–controlled design, where nursing students were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio using a computer-generated list (Microsoft 365 Excel Enterprise) to either a MOBICPR intervention group (MOBICPR-IG) or a wait-list control group (WL-CG). The WL-CG was a group of nursing students who were assigned to a wait list and received the intervention (MOBICPR game for playing at home) 2 weeks after the MOBICPR-IG.
Interventions
All assessments of the participants’ theoretical knowledge of and practical skills in adult BLS were conducted 3 time points: baseline, 2-week follow-up, and 4-week follow-up. At the baseline assessment, the investigators first collected demographic data from the participants. Additionally, the participants were questioned about their willingness to assist both family members and strangers during OHCA with CPR. Prior to practical skills in adult BLS, participants’ the theoretical knowledge of adult BLS was assessed using a questionnaire with 33 single- and multiple-choice questions [Farsi Z, Yazdani M, Butler S, Nezamzadeh M, Mirlashari J. Comparative effectiveness of simulation versus serious game for training nursing students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized control trial. Int J Comp Games Technol. Mar 24, 2021;2021:1-12. [CrossRef]25,Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34-Hernández-Padilla JM, Suthers F, Granero-Molina J, Fernández-Sola C. Effects of two retraining strategies on nursing students' acquisition and retention of BLS/AED skills: a cluster randomised trial. Resuscitation. Aug 2015;93:27-34. [CrossRef] [Medline]36] on an open source online survey app called 1ka (Ljubljana, Slovenia); see Adult BLS theoretical knowledge questionnaire. BLS: basic life support.Multimedia Appendix 2
Prior to the assessment of adult BLS practical skills, each participant was given a scenario based on OHCA to read ( Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest scenario.Multimedia Appendix 3
Figure 1). In each adult BLS scenario, the investigators turned on the electric stove, and the scenario began when the water started to boil, simulating a hazard. The kitchen was chosen because the majority of OHCAs occur there [Kiyohara K, Nishiyama C, Matsuyama T, Sado J, Kitamura T, Shimamoto T, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest at home in Japan. Am J Cardiol. Apr 01, 2019;123(7):1060-1068. [CrossRef] [Medline]38].

After 2 minutes of performing adult BLS, each participant received assistance from an outside person bringing in an AED and taking over CPR. The adult BLS practical skills of each participant were recorded using a Sony Handycam 4K AX53 camera and an Apple iPad Pro 3rd generation tablet. Two investigators with a background in emergency medicine and teaching laypersons adult BLS assessed the participants’ practical skills in adult BLS using a modified checklist [Farsi Z, Yazdani M, Butler S, Nezamzadeh M, Mirlashari J. Comparative effectiveness of simulation versus serious game for training nursing students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized control trial. Int J Comp Games Technol. Mar 24, 2021;2021:1-12. [CrossRef]25,Hernández-Padilla JM, Suthers F, Granero-Molina J, Fernández-Sola C. Effects of two retraining strategies on nursing students' acquisition and retention of BLS/AED skills: a cluster randomised trial. Resuscitation. Aug 2015;93:27-34. [CrossRef] [Medline]36,Whitfield RH, Newcombe RG, Woollard M. Reliability of the Cardiff test of basic life support and automated external defibrillation version 3.1. Resuscitation. Dec 2003;59(3):291-314. [CrossRef] [Medline]39] according to the ERC BLS guidelines of 2015 [Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster RW, Castrén M, Smyth MA, Olasveengen T, et al. Adult basic life supportautomated external defibrillation section Collaborators. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation. Oct 2015;95:81-99. [CrossRef] [Medline]40] and 2021 [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34], with a total of 34 items ( Adult BLS practical skills checklist. BLS: basic life support.Multimedia Appendix 4
Outcome Measures
The primary outcomes were (1) assessment of the participants’ theoretical knowledge of adult BLS using a questionnaire with a total maximum score of 33 points, where each correct answer was awarded 1 point ( Adult BLS theoretical knowledge questionnaire. BLS: basic life support. Adult BLS practical skills checklist. BLS: basic life support.Multimedia Appendix 2
Multimedia Appendix 4
The secondary outcome was a summary score of high-quality CPR components: (1) a chest compression (CC) rate of 100-120 beats per minute (bpm), (2) a CC depth of 50-60 mm, (3) CC fraction>80%, and (4) a rescue breath volume of 500-600 mL ( Adult BLS practical skills checklist. BLS: basic life support.Multimedia Appendix 4
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were conducted in October and November 2023. Data were analyzed using the R statistical programming language (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). The data presented in the summary table were prepared using frequency analysis, which also included a chi-square test to assess the similarity of the distribution between the intervention and control groups. Theoretical knowledge and practical skill assessments were averaged at the item level and subsequently analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests (Wilcoxon paired-sample test and Mann-Whitney U test) as the normality of the distribution was violated. As nonnormal distribution might represent a problem when calculating mean values, violin plots were also used for the purpose of visualizing aggregated scores due to their ability to visualize the distribution of the data. P<.05 was considered statistically significant. Effect size (η2) values >0.1 represented a small effect; 0.3, a moderate effect; and ≥0.5, a large effect. Continuous variables were analyzed according to the Gaussian distribution and reported as the mean (SD) or the median (IQR), whichever was appropriate.
Results
Participant Details
Of 124 nursing students, 80 (64.5%) declined to participate in the study and 44 (35.5%) were enrolled into the study. At follow-up, 1 (5%) of the 22 participants in the WL-CG dropped out. In the end, 43 (98%) of 44 participants were included in the final analysis (Figure 2).

The mean age of the participants was 19 (SD 0.6) years, 38 (88%) were female, 35 (81%) had a background in health care and nursing education, 32 (74%) had an iOS smartphone, and the self-reported mean daily time spent on the smartphone was 3.8 (SD 1.2) hours (Table 1).
Characteristics | Total participants (N=43), n (%) | MOBICPR-IGb (n=22), n (%) | WL-CGc (n=21), n (%) | P value | ||
Gender | .67 | |||||
Male | 5 (12) | 3 (14) | 2 (10) | —d | ||
Female | 38 (88) | 19 (86) | 19 (90) | — | ||
Age (years) | .90 | |||||
19 | 30 (70) | 16 (73) | 14 (67) | — | ||
20 | 11 (26) | 5 (23) | 6 (29) | — | ||
21 | 2 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | — | ||
Education | .19 | |||||
Health care and nursing | 35 (81) | 18 (82) | 17 (81) | — | ||
High school/gymnasium | 5 (12) | 4 (18) | 1 (5) | — | ||
Pharmacy | 2 (5) | 0 | 2 (10) | — | ||
Economy | 1 (2) | 0 | 1 (5) | — | ||
Operating system on smartphone | .001 | |||||
Apple iOS | 32 (74) | 11 (50) | 21 (100) | — | ||
Android | 11 (26) | 11 (50) | 0 | — |
aThe percentages may exceed 100 because of rounding.
bMOBICPR-IG: MOBICPR intervention group.
cWL-CG: wait-list control group.
dNot applicable.
All participants had received some previous adult BLS training. However, only 2 (5%) had witnessed a cardiac arrest. Most of them (n=38, 88%) had already performed CCs on manikins, but only a few had also been giving rescue breaths (n=12, 28%) and used any kind of AED (n=13, 30%). All participants (n=43, 100%) expressed a willingness to assist a patient with OCHA and perform adult BLS. In addition, they all expressed a willingness to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on a family member or acquaintance. However, only about half of them (n=19, 44%) were willing to do the same for a stranger. The predominant concern for not administering rescue breaths to unknown individuals was the uncertainty regarding the patient’s medical history and the risk for infectious diseases, as cited by 22 (92%) of the 24 (56%) participants who expressed reluctance. On average, each participant introduced and shared the MOBICPR game with 3 (SD 2) family members or friends for trial and play.
Primary Outcomes
To assess the differences between the 2 groups at all 3 observed time points, we calculated the cumulative scores of adult BLS theoretical knowledge and practical skills for both groups.
Figure 3 shows that playing the MOBICPR game at home for 2 weeks improved the overall adult BLS theoretical knowledge (median gain of 4 points, IQR 3, η2=0.113, P=.005) and practical skills (median gain of 4 points, IQR 7, η2=0.05, P=.04). However, in the WL-CG, which waited for 2 weeks to play the MOBICPR game at home, the theoretical knowledge of adult BLS improved by 2 points (IQR 4, η2=0.302, P=.001), whereas the practical skills in adult BLS increased by 3 points (IQR 3, η2=0.018, P=.14). In the MOBICPR-IG, after 2 weeks of not playing the MOBICPR game at home, the retention of theoretical knowledge gained an additional 2 points (IQR 2, η2=0.019, P=.13) and practical skills gained 3 points (IQR 3.75, η2=0.122, P=.003) compared to the 2-week follow-up.

To focus on the impact of playing the MOBICPR game on adult BLS theoretical knowledge and practical skills, we observed participants in both groups and calculated the difference in the cumulative points for both groups after they played the MOBICPR game at home for 2 weeks.
As demonstrated in Figure 4, in the WL-CG, only 3 (14%) participants improved their theoretical knowledge by ≥5 points and only 6 (29%) study participants who achieved this kind of improvement in the adult BLS practical skill score. In contrast, in the MOBICPR-IG, 9 (41%) participants improved their score by at least 5 points in both adult BLS theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The difference in improvement between the MOBICPR-IG and the WL-CG was not significant in practical skills (η2=0.021, P=.45), while in theoretical knowledge, we observed a statistically significant difference (η2=0.268, P=.04).

To obtain more detailed insight into the improvements due to playing the MOBICPR game, we observed the differences in item-level scores before and after playing. Table 2 compares the participants’ scores on questions used to test their theoretical knowledge. It is evident that there were notable differences in most items following engagement with the MOBICPR game. Of 33 scores, 13 (39%) decreased during MOBICPR game playing. For example, the score on question 3 (What is the second thing we check in a patient with cardiac arrest?) improved notably after MOBICPR game playing at home (P=.001). In contrast, the score on question 16 (You are alone. Will you go for the AED if it is 100 m away?) did not improve after MOBICPR game playing at home (P=.103).
Questions for evaluation of adult BLS theoretical knowledge | Score before playing the MOBICPR game at home, mean (SD) | Score after playing the MOBICPR game at home, mean (SD) | Difference (after – before) | P value |
1. What is the first thing we check when we approach the patient? | 2.51 (0.86) | 1.72 (0.43) | –0.79 | .04 |
2. On what kind of surface do we perform adult BLS? | 2.88 (0.45) | 2.09 (0.34) | –0.79 | .001 |
3. What is the second thing we check in a patient with cardiac arrest? | 2.14 (0.74) | 2.93 (0.58) | 0.79 | .001 |
4. How many seconds do we need to assess consciousness? | 1.74 (0.54) | 1.95 (0.43) | 0.21 | .05 |
5. Before we assess breathing or perform CCd, do we remove the patient’s clothes? | 1.26 (0.44) | 1.77 (0.21) | 0.51 | .001 |
6. How do we open the airway? | 2.95 (0.21) | 1.05 (0.15) | –1.91 | .001 |
7. What maneuver do we use to open the airway? | 1.02 (0.15) | 2.98 (0) | 1.95 | .001 |
8. How do we assess breathing? | 2.95 (0.3) | 1.00 (0) | –1.95 | .001 |
9. How many seconds do we need to assess breathing? | 1.51 (0.86) | 3.00 (0) | 1.49 | .001 |
10. What is the most common breathing in a patient with cardiac arrest? | 2.47 (0.83) | 1.00 (0.63) | –1.47 | .001 |
11. Who are you calling on the 112 number? | 3.16 (0.37) | 2.12 (0.32) | –1.05 | .001 |
12. Will calling 911 in Slovenia or Europe reach emergency services? | 1.72 (0.45) | 3.12 (0.5) | 1.40 | .001 |
13. Who dials 112 in the case of cardiac arrest? | 2.81 (0.55) | 1.58 (0.3) | –1.23 | .001 |
14. What do we need to tell the emergency medical dispatcher? | 2.51 (0.51) | 2.95 (0.51) | 0.44 | .001 |
15. What do you do with the phone after providing all the data? | 1.91 (0.29) | 2.70 (0.15) | 0.79 | .001 |
16. You are alone. Will you go for the AEDe if it is 100 m away? | 1.88 (0.32) | 1.98 (0.35) | 0.09 | .10 |
17. You have help. Will you send it for the AED if it is 2 minutes away? | 1.02 (0.15) | 1.86 (0.15) | 0.84 | .001 |
18. Is this the sign for an AED? | 2.00 (0) | 1.02 (0) | –0.98 | .001 |
19. Which picture shows the correct hand grip for CPRf? | 2.00 (0) | 2.00 (0.15) | 0 | .99 |
20. What is the right depth for CCs? | 2.44 (0.77) | 2.02 (0.35) | –0.42 | .001 |
21. What is the correct body position for CCs? | 1.98 (0.15) | 2.86 (0) | 0.88 | .001 |
22. Where is the right place for CCs? | 1.19 (0.59) | 2.00 (0.78) | 0.81 | .001 |
23. What is the right frequency for CCs? | 2.65 (1.41) | 1.23 (0.48) | –1.42 | .001 |
24. What is the CC-to-breath ratio for an adult? | 1.98 (0.15) | 1.09 (0.46) | –0.88 | .001 |
25. How long can you interrupt CCs for rescue breaths? | 1.30 (0.6) | 1.93 (0.51) | 0.63 | .001 |
26. What is the volume of a rescue breath? | 1.88 (0.59) | 1.30 (0.26) | –0.58 | .02 |
27. What do you do first if you have an AED? | 2.58 (0.91) | 2.93 (0.82) | 0.35 | .002 |
28. What do we do during AED rhythm analysis? | 2.19 (0.59) | 2.42 (0.46) | 0.23 | .17 |
29. What do we do during AED defibrillation? | 1.00 (0) | 2.07 (0) | 1.07 | .001 |
30. Which of the following statements about the use of AEDs is false? | 3.02 (1.3) | 1.00 (1.05) | –2.02 | .001 |
31. What do we do after the AED delivers an electric shock? | 2.63 (0.69) | 3.47 (0.65) | 0.84 | .001 |
32. When do we stop CPR? | 1.74 (0.44) | 2.91 (0.39) | 1.16 | .001 |
33. When is it recommended to replace someone during CPR? | 1.72 (2.20) | 1.81 (0.52) | 0.09 | .80 |
Cumulative score | 2.08 (0.44) | 2.06 (0.26) | 0.03 | .89 |
aBLS: basic life support.
bMOBICPR-IG: MOBICPR intervention group.
cWL-CG: wait-list control group.
dCC: chest compression.
eAED: automated external defibrillator.
fCPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Similarly, in the item-level score differences for practical skills, in 7 (21%) of 34 items, a significant increase was calculated (Table 3). For example, the score on item 1 (Approaches the patient safely) improved after MOBICPR game playing at home (P=.001). In contrast, the score on item 2 (Checks responsiveness: shouts and shakes the patient) did not improve after MOBICPR game playing at home (P=.81).
Items for evaluation of adult BLS practical skills | Score before playing the MOBICPR game at home, mean (SD) | Score after playing the MOBICPR game at home, mean (SD) | Difference (after – before) | P value |
1. Approaches the patient safely | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.95 (0.46) | 0.86 | .001 |
2. Checks responsiveness: shouts and shakes the patient | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.70 (0.32) | 0.02 | .81 |
3. Opens the airway: head tilt–chin lift | 0.40 (0.49) | 0.88 (0.46) | 0.49 | .001 |
4. Performs look, listen, feel | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.70 (0.15) | –0.05 | .62 |
5. Looks, listens, feels: time | 0.53 (0.74) | 0.98 (0.78) | 0.44 | .001 |
6. Calls 112 in the first minute | 0.65 (0.48) | 1.35 (0.26) | 0.70 | .001 |
7. Calls 112 at the right time | 0.65 (0.48) | 0.93 (0.29) | 0.28 | .003 |
8. Turns on the phone speaker and immediately starts CPRd | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.91 (0.49) | 0.58 | .001 |
9. Provides correct information to the dispatcher | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.37 (0.5) | 0.05 | .62 |
10. Provides information about the location | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.42 (0.5) | 0.21 | .05 |
11. Time to the first CCse | 0.51 (0.51) | 0.56 (0.5) | 0.05 | .68 |
12. Corrects the body position for CCs | 0.72 (0.45) | 0.53 (0.32) | –0.19 | .07 |
13. Corrects the CC location | 0.88 (0.32) | 0.88 (0.35) | 0.00 | .99 |
14. Corrects hand CCs | 0.72 (0.45) | 0.86 (0.41) | 0.14 | .11 |
15. Corrects the CC depth | 1.49 (0.8) | 0.79 (0.9) | –0.70 | .001 |
16. Recoil of the chest | 0.79 (0.41) | 1.26 (0.21) | 0.47 | .002 |
17. Corrects the CC rate | 1.42 (0.7) | 0.95 (0.76) | –0.47 | .001 |
18. Ratios CCs | 0.91 (0.68) | 1.37 (0.53) | 0.47 | .004 |
19. CC fraction | 0.84 (0.43) | 0.95 (0.38) | 0.12 | .17 |
20. Opens the airway: head tilt–chin lift | 0.44 (0.5) | 0.95 (0.45) | 0.51 | .001 |
21. Closes the nose and fits lips around the patient’s mouth | 0.63 (0.49) | 0.72 (0.37) | 0.09 | .32 |
22. Average pause of ventilation | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.84 (0.43) | 0.14 | .08 |
23. Opens the nose | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.77 (0.32) | 0.74 | .001 |
24. Looks for the chest to rise between 2 rescue breaths | 0.37 (0.49) | 0.12 (0.51) | –0.26 | .003 |
25. Two rescue breaths | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.51 (0) | –0.33 | .001 |
26. Volume of rescue breaths | 0.53 (0.7) | 1.00 (0.65) | 0.47 | .001 |
27. Switches on the AEDf first at the right time | 0.49 (0.51) | 0.65 (0.46) | 0.16 | .20 |
28. Removes clothing | 0.98 (0.15) | 0.70 (0) | –0.28 | .001 |
29. Position of the right AED pad | 0.28 (0.45) | 1.00 (0.45) | 0.72 | .001 |
30. Position of the left AED pad | 0.47 (0.5) | 0.28 (0.5) | –0.19 | .103 |
31. Ensures nobody is touching the patient: analyzing | 0.51 (0.51) | 0.44 (0.5) | –0.07 | .58 |
32. Ensures nobody is touching the patient: shock | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.58 (0.26) | 0.49 | .001 |
33. Presses the shock button at the right time | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.07 (0.44) | –0.60 | .001 |
34. Immediately restarts CCs | 0.95 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.29) | –0.21 | .002 |
Cumulative score | 0.613 (0.14) | 0.76 (0.17) | 0.14 | .04 |
aBLS: basic life support.
bMOBICPR-IG: MOBICPR intervention group.
cWL-CG: wait-list control group.
dCPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
eCC: chest compression.
fAED: automated external defibrillator.
Secondary Outcomes
Table 4 shows a comparison of the high-quality CPR components between participants before and after MOBICPR game playing at home for 2 weeks. There were notable differences in the median (IQR) of the total QCPR score for MOBICPR game playing at home for 2 weeks for the MOBICPR-IG (before: median 41 (IQR 54); after: median 70 (IQR 41); P=.011). There was no difference for the MOBICPR-IG after not playing the MOBICPR game at home for 2 weeks.
High-quality CPR components | Baseline assessmentd, median (IQR) | Score after 2 weeks of playing the MOBICPR game at homee, median (IQR) | P valued,e | Score after 2 weeks of not playing the MOBICPR game at homec, median (IQR) | P valuee,f | ||||||
CCg rate (bpmh) | |||||||||||
MOBICPR-IG | 108 (18) | 112 (18) | .24 | 112 (18) | .12 | ||||||
WL-CG | 103 (22) | 110 (10) | .38 | —i | — | ||||||
P value | .78 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
CC depth (mm) | |||||||||||
MOBICPR-IG | 57 (7) | 56 (7) | .56 | 57 (4) | .25 | ||||||
WL-CG | 58 (6) | 59 (2) | .27 | — | — | ||||||
P value | .16 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
CC fraction (%) | |||||||||||
MOBICPR-IG | 70 (6) | 72 (6) | .26 | 68 (9) | .15 | ||||||
WL-CG | 68 (13) | 70 (8) | .63 | — | — | ||||||
P value | .88 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
Volume of rescue breaths (mL) | |||||||||||
MOBICPR-IG | 496 (369) | 600 (463) | .54 | 473 (204) | .66 | ||||||
WL-CG | 356 (147) | 567 (270) | .45 | — | — | ||||||
P value | .64 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
Total QCPRj score (%) | |||||||||||
MOBICPR-IG | 41 (54) | 70 (41) | .01 | 77 (38) | .54 | ||||||
WL-CG | 43 (42) | 72 (46) | .24 | — | — | ||||||
P value | .62 | — | — | — | — |
aCPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
bMOBICPR-IG: MOBICPR intervention group.
cWL-CG: wait-list control group.
dMeasurement at baseline.
eMeasurement after 2 weeks of playing the MOBICPR game at home.
fMeasurement after 2 weeks of not playing the MOBICPR game at home.
gCC: chest compression.
hbpm: beats per minute.
iNot applicable.
jQCPR: Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.
Discussion
Principal Findings
In this study, playing the MOBICPR game at home for 2 weeks improved the theoretical knowledge of adult BLS in the participants but little their practical skills. These outcomes were expected, considering that the MOBICPR game was designed primarily to impart theoretical knowledge of adult BLS, rather than providing hands-on practice with an actual BLS manikin. To the best of our knowledge, only 2 studies have used data collected from manikin software to evaluate the practical parts of adult BLS as we did [de Sena DP, Fabrício DD, da Silva VD, Bodanese LC, Franco AR. Comparative evaluation of video-based on-line course versus serious game for training medical students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised trial. PLoS One. Apr 8, 2019;14(4):e0214722. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]27,Demirtas A, Basak T, Sahin G, Sonkaya. The serious game and integrated simulator for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in nursing students. Simulat Gaming. Feb 28, 2022;53(2):97-110. [CrossRef]28]. We observed in our study population that both the CC rate and the CC depth remain within the margins of the current ERC recommendation [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34]; in comparison to our results, in the 2 studies [de Sena DP, Fabrício DD, da Silva VD, Bodanese LC, Franco AR. Comparative evaluation of video-based on-line course versus serious game for training medical students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised trial. PLoS One. Apr 8, 2019;14(4):e0214722. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]27,Demirtas A, Basak T, Sahin G, Sonkaya. The serious game and integrated simulator for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in nursing students. Simulat Gaming. Feb 28, 2022;53(2):97-110. [CrossRef]28], both the CC rate and the CC depth dropped below the margins after serious smartphone game playing. These 2 studies [de Sena DP, Fabrício DD, da Silva VD, Bodanese LC, Franco AR. Comparative evaluation of video-based on-line course versus serious game for training medical students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised trial. PLoS One. Apr 8, 2019;14(4):e0214722. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]27,Demirtas A, Basak T, Sahin G, Sonkaya. The serious game and integrated simulator for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in nursing students. Simulat Gaming. Feb 28, 2022;53(2):97-110. [CrossRef]28] also presented the total QCPR scores, and where our scores improved compared to theirs. Consequently, we recommend considering the MOBICPR game as a supplementary educational tool in future BLS course formats that incorporate immersive technologies [Alcázar Artero PM, Pardo Rios M, Greif R, Ocampo Cervantes AB, Gijón-Nogueron G, Barcala-Furelos R, et al. Efficiency of virtual reality for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training of adult laypersons: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). Jan 27, 2023;102(4):e32736. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]43,Kuyt K, Park S, Chang TP, Jung T, MacKinnon R. The use of virtual reality and augmented reality to enhance cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: a scoping review. Adv Simul (Lond). Apr 12, 2021;6(1):11. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]44] for retention of adult BLS knowledge.
In evaluating study participants performing adult BLS on a manikin, we observed 5 learning points (all reported in Tables 2 and
3), which could be useful for debriefing topics after BLS courses. Initially, a large number of participants struggled with checking the manikin’s response as it lay face down. Some checked the response without turning the manikin onto its back, while others did so with the manikin still face down. After playing the MOBICPR game at home, only a minority checked the response after turning the manikin onto its back. Studies show that two-thirds of all patients are found in positions unsuitable for performing CCs, such as the recovery position [Wagner P, Schloesser S, Braun J, Arntz H, Breckwoldt J. In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, is the positioning of victims by bystanders adequate for CPR? A cohort study. BMJ Open. Sep 23, 2020;10(9):e037676. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]45]. The second learning point concerned the right time for chest exposure during CPR. Many participants removed the clothing before looking, listening, and feeling for signs of breathing, while others did so before applying AED electrodes to the manikin’s bare chest. Studies indicate that exposing the chest during CPR can improve the rescuer’s ability to locate the center of the patient’s chest, leading to more effective CCs and reducing the risk of inaccurate compressions [Jo CH, Cho GC, Ahn JH, Ryu JY. The importance of victim chest exposure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a simulation study. J Emerg Med. Feb 2015;48(2):165-171. [CrossRef] [Medline]46]. The third point was about shouting for help. A recent study revealed that almost all European BLS instructors teach laypersons to shout for help [Fijačko N, Greif R, Metličar Š, Gómez CA, Strnad M, Creber RMM. 344 Shout for help: still part of adult basic life support education, but not recommended by European resuscitation council guidelines. Resuscitation. Nov 2023;192:S137-S138. [CrossRef]47], even though it was removed from the ERC BLS guidelines [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34,Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster RW, Castrén M, Smyth MA, Olasveengen T, et al. Adult basic life supportautomated external defibrillation section Collaborators. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation. Oct 2015;95:81-99. [CrossRef] [Medline]40]. Despite playing the MOBICPR game at home, the participants still tended to shout for help before calling emergency services. As a fourth point, we noticed that some participants attempted to multitask by calling the dispatcher and performing CCs simultaneously. This practice resulted in lower-quality CCs, as the focus was divided between providing information to the dispatcher and maintaining the 30:2 CC-to-rescue-breath ratio. Generation Z, like the participants in our study, tends to multitask and is more engaged in independent work [Liu Y, Sun X, Zhang P, Han P, Shao H, Duan X, et al. Generation Z nursing students' online learning experiences during COVID-19 epidemic: a qualitative study. Heliyon. Apr 2023;9(4):e14755. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]48]. Considering this insight, we are re-evaluating the recent ERC BLS guidelines, particularly their recommendation to activate the speakerphone or another hands-free feature on a mobile device before promptly initiating CPR [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34]. Finally, we observed that almost all study participants failed to ensure safety before defibrillation when using an AED on the manikin. Issues arose before pressing the shock button, either because they did not check whether someone was touching the manikin or because they pressed the shock button prematurely. This highlights that using an AED is not intuitive for laypersons, as studies suggest, and special training should be considered [Abelairas-Gómez C, Carballo-Fazanes A, Chang TP, Fijačko N, Rodríguez-Núñez A. Is the AED as intuitive as we think? Potential relevance of "the sound of silence" during AED use. Resusc Plus. Dec 2022;12:100323. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]49].
The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation provides a scientific statement on teaching laypersons adult BLS and suggests using TEL, such as serious smartphone games, to engage, motivate, and educate children and adolescents in saving more lives [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34]. Several legitimate smartphone games have been identified as suitable for teaching adult BLS, but their content is questionable because it does not follow current BLS guidelines [Kalz M, Lenssen N, Felzen M, Rossaint R, Tabuenca B, Specht M, et al. Smartphone apps for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and real incident support: a mixed-methods evaluation study. J Med Internet Res. Mar 19, 2014;16(3):e89. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]50,Fijačko N, Masterson Creber R, Gosak L, Štiglic G, Egan D, Chaka B, et al. Evaluating quality, usability, evidence-based content, and gamification features in mobile learning apps designed to teach children basic life support: systematic search in app stores and content analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Jul 20, 2021;9(7):e25437. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]51]. Moreover, most of them teach only hands-on CPR. Some also include ventilation and AED use [Fijačko N, Masterson Creber R, Gosak L, Štiglic G, Egan D, Chaka B, et al. Evaluating quality, usability, evidence-based content, and gamification features in mobile learning apps designed to teach children basic life support: systematic search in app stores and content analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Jul 20, 2021;9(7):e25437. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]51]. However, the MOBICPR game was developed based on recent ERC BLS guidelines [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34] and includes all the recommended BLS steps. In a recent MOBICPR study, students agreed that it was beneficial to play the MOBICPR game before practicing adult BLS on a manikin [Fijačko N, Metličar Š, Vinojčić D, Greif R, Masterson Creber R. Learn how to save the life of a victim of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by playing a serious smartphone game. Resuscitation. Jul 2023;188:109859. [CrossRef] [Medline]41]. They also highly rated the usability of the MOBICPR game for providing adult BLS theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The results show that the MOBICPR game could be a novel, interactive, evidence-based BLS educational tool for playing at home after adult BLS training [Fijačko N, Metličar Š, Vinojčić D, Greif R, Masterson Creber R. Learn how to save the life of a victim of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by playing a serious smartphone game. Resuscitation. Jul 2023;188:109859. [CrossRef] [Medline]41,Fijačko N, Greif R, Štiglic G, Metličar Š, Creber R. 322 Using a serious smartphone game to improve and retain knowledge of hand placement for adult chest compressions: a randomized wait-list controlled trial. Resuscitation. Nov 1, 2023;192:S127. [CrossRef]52]. Moreover, our study revealed that the MOBICPR game could be an effective method for enhancing bystander willingness and awareness in performing CPR. This potential is demonstrated by the fact that all study participants introduced the MOBICPR game to their family members, relatives, or friends, as seen in similar studies where enhanced technology was used teaching adult BLS [Nas J, Thannhauser J, Konijnenberg LSF, van Geuns RM, van Royen N, Bonnes JL, et al. Long-term effect of face-to-face vs virtual reality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training on willingness to perform CPR, retention of knowledge, and dissemination of CPR awareness: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. May 02, 2022;5(5):e2212964. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]53].
This gamified learning approach fits well with the educational theory heutagogy, also known as self-determined learning, where learners determine what they want to learn [Greif R, Lockey A, Breckwoldt J, Carmona F, Conaghan P, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: education for resuscitation. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:388-407. [CrossRef] [Medline]8]. In the case of the MOBICPR game, learners can play it at any time to refresh their adult BLS knowledge without waiting for the next training session [Abelairas-Gómez C, Martinez-Isasi S, Barcala-Furelos R, Varela-Casal C, Carballo-Fazanes A, Pichel-López M, et al. Training frequency for educating schoolchildren in basic life support: very brief 4-month rolling-refreshers versus annual retraining-a 2-year prospective longitudinal trial. BMJ Open. Nov 30, 2021;11(11):e052478. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]54]. Moreover, the use of do-it-yourself manikins made from everyday items, such as plastic bottles, toilet paper, or even a pillow, for practicing CC techniques at home, especially in low-resource settings, coupled with the MOBICPR game, can potentially improve and solidify practical skills in adult BLS [Nehra A, Ravindra P, Bhat R, Nagesh SK, Alok Y, Nisarg S, et al. Comparison between a low-cost model (CPR Pillow) and a mannequin in training hands only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): a randomised trial. Resusc Plus. Mar 2024;17:100518. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]55-Agario Y, Tanaka H, Takyu H. Cost-effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation practice device for maintaining chest compression quality: a semi-randomized controlled clinical trial. J EMS Med. May 2023;2(2):55-63. [CrossRef]58]. The MOBICPR game also includes gamification features, such as avatars, points, and various audio, textual, and graphical feedback. These gamification elements could motivate learners to engage with the game more frequently than they normally would [Ratinho E, Martins C. The role of gamified learning strategies in student's motivation in high school and higher education: a systematic review. Heliyon. Aug 2023;9(8):e19033. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]59]. Future educational tools, such as the MOBICPR game, should align with the 5 key messages outlined in the recent ERC BLS guidelines, ranging from recognizing cardiac arrest to learning the proper techniques for performing CPR [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34]. This adherence is crucial for the effective education and retention of adult BLS skills, particularly following adult BLS courses in a home environment.
Limitations
This study has several limitations. First, because the study participants were only followed for 4 weeks, we were not able to show that the MOBICPR game improved their long-term retention of resuscitation knowledge and skills. Second, the sample size was small due to the lack of interest of participants in participating in the study and because only 1 generation of participants was able to be included at that time. Third, this was a single-faculty study, which limits the generalizability of the results. Fourth, in this study, participants were familiar with smartphone games. It is unclear how effective the MOBICPR game would be in children or older populations. Fifth, because this was a simulation-based study, the performance results may not be generalizable to real-life situations and could not present the impact on patient outcomes. Finaly, the content in the MOBICPR game was developed by researchers based on recent ERC BLS guidelines [Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. Apr 2021;161:98-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]34]. In the future, there are plans to introduce the MOBICPR game to the Slovenian National Resuscitation Council, with the goal of securing its certification, a process akin to that followed by the Italian Resuscitation Council for its smartphone-based serious games [Semeraro F, Imbriaco G, Del Giudice D, Antognoli M, Celin D, Cuttitta M, et al. Collaborators. Empowering the next generation: an innovative “kids save lives" blended learning programme for schoolchildren training. Resuscitation. Jan 2024;194:110088. [CrossRef] [Medline]60].
Conclusion
The home use of the MOBICPR game shows promise in enhancing the theoretical knowledge of adult BLS. Although there was no significant improvement in performing adult BLS or in retaining the related knowledge and skills, the study yielded important learning objectives for the enhancement of future adult BLS training. Further research is necessary to explore its lasting effects across various demographics and to determine the most effective use of the MOBICPR game in teaching adult BLS.
Acknowledgments
NF and GŠ are supported by Slovenian Research Agency (grants ARRS P2-0057, ARRS N3-0307, ARRS BI-US/22-24-138), NextGenerationEU, and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation (C3330-22-953012). The authors would like to thank all nursing students who participated in this study.
Authors' Contributions
The study was carried out through collaboration among all authors. NF developed the study design and supervised the study. NF, GŠ, and ŠM drafted the manuscript. NF, GŠ, RG, and ŠM conducted data collection and analysis. NF, MS, PS, and RG interpreted results from the cardiopulmonary resuscitation point of view. RMC and RG conducted a comprehensive content review. All authors have read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
NF is a member of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) basic life support (BLS) Science and Education Committee. RG is the ERC director of guidelines and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and chair of the ILCOR Education, Implementation, and Teams Task Force. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Multimedia Appendix 2
Adult BLS theoretical knowledge questionnaire. BLS: basic life support.
DOCX File , 155 KBMultimedia Appendix 4
Adult BLS practical skills checklist. BLS: basic life support.
DOCX File , 28 KBReferences
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Abbreviations
AED: automated external defibrillator |
BLS: basic life support |
bpm: beats per minute |
CC: chest compression |
CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
ERC: European Resuscitation Council |
m-learning: mobile learning |
MOBICPR-IG: MOBICPR intervention group |
OHCA: out-of-hospital cardiac arrest |
QCPR: Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation |
TEL: technology-enhanced learning |
WL-CG: wait-list control group |
Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 03.01.24; peer-reviewed by L Wei; comments to author 14.02.24; revised version received 19.02.24; accepted 10.03.24; published 05.04.24.
Copyright©Nino Fijačko, Ruth Masterson Creber, Špela Metličar, Matej Strnad, Robert Greif, Gregor Štiglic, Pavel Skok. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org), 05.04.2024.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Serious Games, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://games.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.