Outcomes, Measurement Instruments, and Their Validity Evidence in Randomized Controlled Trials on Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality in Undergraduate Medical Education: Systematic Mapping Review

Lorainne Tudor Car   ^{1, 2} , MD, MSc, PhD ;   Bhone Myint Kyaw   ³ , MBBS, MSc, PhD ;   Andrew Teo   ¹ , PhD ;   Tatiana Erlikh Fox   ^{3, 4} , MD, MSc ;   Sunitha Vimalesvaran   ¹ , MD ;   Christian Apfelbacher   ^{5, 6} , PhD ;   Sandra Kemp   ⁷ , PhD ;   Niels Chavannes   ⁸ , PhD

¹ Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

² Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

³ Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwen Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands

⁵ Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdegurg, Germany

⁶ Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

⁷ Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia

⁸ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands